% This file was created with JabRef 2.4. % Encoding: Cp1252 @ARTICLE{Angelino1998, author = {Angelino, Gianfranco and Colonna di Paliano, Piero}, title = {Multicomponent Working Fluids For Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs)}, journal = {Energy}, year = {1998}, volume = {23}, pages = {449--463}, number = {6}, month = jun, abstract = {We have evaluated the merits of organic-fluid mixtures as working media for Rankine power cycles. Non-isothermal phase change both at high and low temperature represents the main advantage with respect to pure fluids. StanMix, a computer code using the Wong and Sandler (WS) mixing rules, integrated into a commercial package, is employed for cycle analysis and optimisation. Heat recovery and geothermal applications using mixtures of siloxanes and hydrocarbons, respectively, are illustrated. We demonstrated that optimal selection of working-fluid composition is a powerful tool for an efficient ORC design.}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2S-3VKTNV8-4/2/9c725f32e14dd16578a910009ce370f4} } @UNPUBLISHED{Blom2001, author = {Blom, G.}, title = {Netvervuiling: Soorten, normen en reducerende maatregelen}, note = {2001}, year = {2001}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Netvervuiling Soorten, normen en reducerende maatregelen.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.blom-econsult.nl/pdf/netvervuiling.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Bollen2003, author = {Bollen, M. H. J.}, title = {What is power quality?}, journal = {Electric Power Systems Research}, year = {2003}, volume = {66}, pages = {5--14}, number = {1}, month = jul, abstract = {This paper introduces the terminology and various issues related to [`]power quality'. The interest in power quality is explained in the context of a number of much wider developments in power engineering: deregulation of the electricity industry, increased customer-demands, and the integration of renewable energy sources. After an introduction of the different terminology two power quality disturbances are discussed in detail: voltage dips and harmonic distortion. For each of these two disturbances, a number of other issues are briefly discussed, which are characterisation, origin, mitigation, and the need for future research.}, booktitle = {Power Quality}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\What is power quality.pdf:PDF}, keywords = {Power quality, Harmonic distortion, Voltage dips}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V30-48KVGYT-1/2/e0a2e24677d95f93bfb57c74a9ed68c7} } @ARTICLE{Borsukiewicz-Gozdur2007, author = {Borsukiewicz-Gozdur, Aleksandra and Nowak, Wladyslaw}, title = {Maximising the working fluid flow as a way of increasing power output of geothermal power plant}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, pages = {2074--2078}, number = {11-12}, month = aug, abstract = {This paper presents a method of increasing the power output of a geothermal power plant based on organic working fluid. The power is raised by increasing the flow of geothermal water supplied to the evaporator by means of returning the stream of geothermal water from downstream of the evaporator for a repeated passage through that heat exchanger. Such arrangement increases the flow of the working fluid in the circuit. Analyses have been conducted for a power plant using several types of organic fluids. The results obtained show that there is one optimum evaporation temperature of the working fluid, which depends on the quantity of the recycled geothermal water, at which the capacity of the Clausius-Rankine is the highest.}, keywords = {ORC, Geothermal power plant, Organic working fluid, Low-temperature rankine cycle}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-4MWY06B-1/2/93d6c5fbc05bab4538471f1a5f1d6474} } @TECHREPORT{Brasz2005, author = {Joost J. Brasz and Bruce P. Biederman and Gwen Holdmann}, title = {Power Production from a Moderate -Temperature Geothermal Resource}, institution = {GRC Annual Meeting}, year = {2005}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\motoren\\Power Production from a Moderate -Temperature Geothermal Resource.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.27}, url = {http://www.yourownpower.com/Power/grc%20paper.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Chen2006, author = {Chen, Y. and Lundqvist, P. and Johansson, A. and Platell, P.}, title = {A comparative study of the carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle compared with an organic rankine cycle with R123 as working fluid in waste heat recovery}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, pages = {2142--2147}, number = {17-18}, month = dec, abstract = {The organic rankine cycle (ORC) as a bottoming cycle1 to convert low-grade waste heat into useful work has been widely investigated for many years. The CO2 transcritical power cycle, on the other hand, is scarcely treated in the open literature. A CO2 transcritical power cycle (CO2 TPC) shows a higher potential than an ORC when taking the behavior of the heat source and the heat transfer between heat source and working fluid in the main heat exchanger into account. This is mainly due to better temperature glide matching between heat source and working fluid. The CO2 cycle also shows no pinch limitation in the heat exchanger. This study treats the performance of the CO2 transcritical power cycle utilizing energy from low-grade waste heat to produce useful work in comparison to an ORC using R123 as working fluid. Due to the temperature gradients for the heat source and heat sink the thermodynamic mean temperature has been used as a reference temperature when comparing both cycles. The thermodynamic models have been developed in EES2 The relative efficiencies have been calculated for both cycles. The results obtained show that when utilizing the low-grade waste heat with the same thermodynamic mean heat rejection temperature, a transcritical carbon dioxide power system gives a slightly higher power output than the organic rankine cycle.}, keywords = {ORC, Transcritical power cycle, CO2, Efficiency}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-4K5JBYK-2/2/a8d835a0fc074495df22f53611829fde} } @ARTICLE{Colonna2008, author = {Colonna, P. and Nannan, N.R. and Guardone, A.}, title = {Multiparameter equations of state for siloxanes: [(CH3)3-Si-O1/2]2-[O-Si-(CH3)2]i=1,...,3, and [O-Si-(CH3)2]6}, journal = {Fluid Phase Equilibria}, year = {2008}, volume = {263}, pages = {115--130}, number = {2}, month = feb, abstract = {This article presents the continuation of the work on the development of technical equations of state for linear and cyclic siloxanes already documented in this journal. The fluids considered herewith are octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM, C8H24Si3O2), decamethyltetrasiloxane (MD2M, C10H30Si4O3), dodecamethylpentasiloxane (MD3M, C12H36Si5O4), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6, C12H36Si6O6). The 12-parameter functional form proposed by Span and Wagner has been selected because of its positive characteristics. Siloxanes are produced in bulk quantities and are mostly utilized in the cosmetics industry and, mixed, as high-temperature heat transfer fluids. Furthermore, they are used as working fluids in high-temperature organic Rankine cycle power plants. The available property measurements are carefully evaluated and selected for the optimization of equation of state parameters. For some of the fluids, experimental values are scarce, therefore ad hoc estimation methods have been used to supply more information to the procedure for the optimization of the parameters of the equation of state. In addition, saturated liquid density and vapor pressure measurements are correlated with the equations proposed by Daubert and Wagner-Ambrose, respectively, to provide short, simple, and accurate equations for the computation of these properties. The recently developed isobaric ideal-gas heat capacity correlation for the selected siloxanes is included in the thermodynamic models. The performance of the newly developed equations of state is tested by comparison with experimental data and also with predictions calculated with the Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera cubic EoS, as this model was adopted in previous technical studies. The new thermodynamic models perform significantly better than cubic equations of state. T-s and P- v diagrams for all the substances are also reported.}, keywords = {D6, Caloric properties, Critical point, Decamethyltetrasiloxane, Density, Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, Dodecamethylpentasiloxane, Equation of state, Fundamental equation, MDM, MD2M, MD3M, Octamethyltrisiloxane, Siloxane, Thermodynamic properties, Vapor pressure}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TG2-4PV94B7-1/2/f85ded096033eddcef4ae4ebb27b5151} } @ARTICLE{Colonna2006, author = {Colonna, P. and Nannan, N.R. and Guardone, A. and Lemmon, E.W.}, title = {Multiparameter equations of state for selected siloxanes}, journal = {Fluid Phase Equilibria}, year = {2006}, volume = {244}, pages = {193--211}, number = {2}, month = jun, abstract = {This article presents the development of technical equations of state for four siloxanes using the 12-parameter Span-Wagner functional form. Siloxanes are used as heat transfer fluids and working media in energy conversion applications. The investigated fluids are two linear dimethylsiloxanes, namely MM (hexamethyldisiloxane, C6H18OSi2) and MD4M (tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, C14H42O5Si6), and two cyclic dimethylsiloxanes, namely D4 (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, C8H24O4Si4) and D5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, C10H30O5Si5). Available measured properties are critically evaluated and selected for the optimization of the equation of state (EoS) parameters. Due to the insufficient number of experimental values, several other properties are estimated with the most accurate ad hoc methods. These estimates are included in the optimization of the equation of state parameters. Moreover, experimental saturated liquid density and vapor pressure data are correlated with the equations proposed by Daubert and Wagner-Ambrose, respectively, to provide short, simple, and accurate equations for the computation of these properties. The performance of the obtained equations of state is assessed by comparison with experimental data and also with estimates obtained with the Peng-Robinson cubic EoS with the modification proposed by Stryjek and Vera. This equation was adopted in previous technical studies. The improvements obtained with the newly developed EoS's are significant. Exemplary state diagrams are also reported as a demonstration of the consistency of the obtained thermodynamic models. Sound speed measurements in the vapor phase are planned for the near future and results will be incorporated in future improvements of the newly developed thermodynamic models.}, keywords = {Caloric properties, Critical point, Density, Equation of state, Fundamental equation, Siloxane, Thermodynamic properties, Vapor pressure, D4, D5, MM, MD4M}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TG2-4JVRFYB-2/2/46c5dccfdca4dc3d2d2de25e330863b8} } @TECHREPORT{Dijk2005, author = {van Dijk, G.G. en Horstman, E.}, title = {Power Quality: van bedreiging naar besparing}, institution = {UNETO-VNI}, year = {2005}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Power Quality van bedreiging naar besparing.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.green-energy.nl/docs/RapportPowerQuality.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Drescher2007, author = {Drescher, Ulli and Brüggemann, Dieter}, title = {Fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass power and heat plants}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, pages = {223--228}, number = {1}, month = jan, abstract = {In small solid biomass power and heat plants, the ORC is used for cogeneration. This application shows constraints different from other ORC. These constraints are described and an adapted power plant design is presented. The new design influences the selection criteria of working fluids. A software has been developed to find thermodynamic suitable fluids for ORC in biomass power and heat plants. Highest efficiencies are found within the family of alkylbenzenes.}, keywords = {Organic Rankine Cycle, Working fluid, Plant design, Biomass, Cogeneration}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-4KDBMB3-1/2/6a5ab2f20908248f022572cff59e033e} } @TECHREPORT{Elektriciteits-2007, author = {Vlaamse Reguleringsinstantie voor de Elektriciteits- en Gasmarkt}, title = {Technisch Reglement Distributie Elektriciteit Vlaams Gewest}, institution = {VREG}, year = {2007}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Technisch Reglement Distributie Elektriciteit_2007.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {www.vreg.be} } @TECHREPORT{Fairbanks2004, author = {Fairbanks, John and Hopmann, Ulrich}, title = {Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Electric Turbocompound Technology}, institution = {Department of Energy, Caterpillar Inc.}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Caterpillar’s “Technology and Solutions Division” carried out a research program on waste heat recovery with support from DOE and the DOE Office of Heavy Vehicle Technology. Electric turbocompound technology has been chosen to improve the fuel economy of on-highway truck engines. The basic principle is to extract surplus exhaust heat with an electric generator and convert the energy into electrical energy which is then transferred to an electric motor, which contributes to the power output of the diesel engine. An electric turbocompound (ETC) system has been conceived and designed. As part of this effort, a novel turbocharger, sized for a 15-ltr on-highway truck engine, has been analyzed, designed, built, and tested. The design is a radical change from conventional turbochargers and incorporates an electric motor/generator (M/G). All major components of the turbocharger have been designed for highest efficiency. The prototype turbocharger has been tested on a gas stand where a significantly higher efficiency than production turbochargers has been measured. Another essential milestone was the development of the electrical machinery. Two electrical machines, one high-speed generator and one electric motor have been analyzed, designed, built, and tested. High efficiency and compactness were the design targets. Both machines were tested on the test rig in generating and motoring mode. In the case of the electric motor the measured efficiency was satisfactorily high and within the expected range. The high-speed generator has been tested and was able to cover the required speed and torque range with additional air-cooling. Because of the excessive heat generation the efficiency was below the target. A detailed technical path to improved performance has been identified and should be followed prior to production. Another milestone was the development of the control system and control strategy. Considering the complexity and the additional degrees of freedom of the electric turbocompound technology, a system model has been built which allowed for the development of a special control system. A rig test of the ETC hardware proved the proper functionality of turbocharger, high-speed generator and control system. Waste heat was recovered by producing electrical power over a wide range of typical turbocharger operating conditions. The control system was able to control power flux and turbocharger operation for the entire range. A production engine was tested to determine baseline engine performance. In a final step the same engine was equipped with the complete ETC system. The engine was tested in the lab while running in turbocompound mode; thereby demonstrating the principle of operation. Unfortunately, a bearing system hardware failure prevented a system level BSFC demonstration. Future development activity would include the development of a robust bearing system.}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Turbocompound\\Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Electric Turbocompound Technology.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20} } @MASTERSTHESIS{Flardh2003, author = {Flärdh, Oscar and Gustafson, Manne}, title = {Mean Value Modelling of a Diesel Engine with Turbo Compound}, school = {Linköpings universitet}, year = {2003}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Turbocompound\\Thesis Mean Value Modelling of a Diesel Engine with Turbocompound.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.vehicular.isy.liu.se/Publications/MSc/03_EX_3443_OF_MG.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Hopmann2004, author = {Hopmann, Ulrich}, title = {Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Electric Turbocompound Technology}, booktitle = {DEER Conference}, year = {2004}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Turbocompound\\Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Electric Turbocompound Technology_ppt.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2004/session4/2004_deer_hopmann.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Hung2001, author = {Hung, Tzu-Chen}, title = {Waste heat recovery of organic Rankine cycle using dry fluids}, journal = {Energy Conversion and Management}, year = {2001}, volume = {42}, pages = {539--553}, number = {5}, month = mar, abstract = {A Rankine cycle using organic fluids as working fluids, called organic Rankine cycle (ORC), is potentially feasible in recovering low enthalpy containing heat sources. Efficient operation of the ORC depends heavily on two factors: working conditions of the cycle and the thermodynamic properties of the working fluids. The working fluids under investigation are Benzene (C6H6), Toluene (C7H8), p-Xylene (C8H10), R113 and R123. Among the working fluids under investigation, p-Xylene shows the highest efficiency while Benzene shows the lowest. The study also shows that the irreversibility depends on the type of heat source. Generally speaking, p-Xylene has the lowest irreversibility in recovering a high temperature waste heat, while R113 and R123 have a better performance in recovering a low temperature waste heat.}, keywords = {Organic Rankine cycle, Waste heat recovery, Irreversibility, Availability ratio, Dry fluid}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2P-41HHNHV-3/2/62a22e5bd97f3fd7d45a2fe730be0030} } @TECHREPORT{Ingley2004, author = {Ingley, H. A. and Reed, R. and Goswami, D. Y.}, title = {Optimization of a Scroll Expander Applied to an Ammonia/Water Combined Cycle System for Hydrogen Production - Paper No. 1645}, institution = {University of Florida}, year = {2004}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\motoren\\Optimization of a Scroll Expander Applied to an AmmoniaWater Combined Cycle System for Hydrogen Production - Paper No. 1645.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.09.08}, url = {http://www.mae.ufl.edu/NasaHydrogenResearch/pubprogramreport/Dr.%20Ingley_H2%20Production_for%20submission.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Invernizzi2007, author = {Invernizzi, Costante and Iora, Paolo and Silva, Paolo}, title = {Bottoming micro-Rankine cycles for micro-gas turbines}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, pages = {100--110}, number = {1}, month = jan, abstract = {This paper investigates the possibility of enhancing the performances of micro-gas turbines through the addition of a bottoming organic Rankine cycle which recovers the thermal power of the exhaust gases typically available in the range of 250-300 °C. The ORC cycles are particularly suitable for the recovery of heat from sources at variable temperatures, and for the generation of medium to small electric power. With reference to a micro-gas turbine with a size of about 100 kWe, a combined configuration could increase the net electric power by about 1/3, yielding an increase of the electrical efficiency of up to 40%. A specific analysis of the characteristics of different classes of working fluids is carried out in order to define a procedure to select the most appropriate fluid, capable of satisfying both environmental (ozone depletion potential, global warming potential) and technical (flammability, toxicity, fluid critical temperature and molecular complexity) concerns. Afterwards, a thermodynamic analysis is performed to ascertain the most favourable cycle thermodynamic conditions, from the point of view of heat recovery. Furthermore, a preliminary design of the ORC turbine (number of stages, outer diameter and rotational speed) is carried out.}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\motoren\\bottoming micro RC for micro-gas turbines.pdf:PDF}, keywords = {Micro-gas turbine, Heat recovery, Bottoming Rankine cycle, Organic working fluid}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.22}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-4KCXJR2-2/2/116761d5f0908dabbce23b39e3e52af2} } @ARTICLE{Liu2004, author = {Liu, Bo-Tau and Chien, Kuo-Hsiang and Wang, Chi-Chuan}, title = {Effect of working fluids on organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery}, journal = {Energy}, year = {2004}, volume = {29}, pages = {1207--1217}, number = {8}, month = jun, abstract = {This study presents an analysis of the performance of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) subjected to the influence of working fluids. The effects of various working fluids on the thermal efficiency and on the total heat-recovery efficiency have been investigated. It is found that the presence of hydrogen bond in certain molecules such as water, ammonia, and ethanol may result in wet fluid conditions due to larger vaporizing enthalpy, and is regarded as inappropriate for ORC systems. The calculated results reveal that the thermal efficiency for various working fluids is a weak function of the critical temperature. The maximum value of the total heat-recovery efficiency occurs at the appropriate evaporating temperature between the inlet temperature of waste heat and the condensing temperature. In addition, the maximum value of total heat-recovery efficiency increases with the increase of the inlet temperature of the waste heat source and decreases it by using working fluids having lower critical temperature. Analytical results using a constant waste heat temperature or based on thermal efficiency may result in considerable deviation of system design relative to the varying temperature conditions of the actual waste heat recovery and is regarded as inappropriate.}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2S-4BY3TTT-1/2/4ae3d3122fd3d1e8ea2380769f1eb293} } @ARTICLE{Mago2008, author = {Mago, Pedro J. and Chamra, Louay M. and Srinivasan, Kalyan and Somayaji, Chandramohan}, title = {An examination of regenerative organic Rankine cycles using dry fluids}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, pages = {998--1007}, number = {8-9}, month = jun, abstract = {This paper presents an analysis of regenerative organic Rankine cycles "ORC" using dry organic fluids, to convert waste energy to power from low-grade heat sources. The dry organic working fluids selected for this investigation are R113, R245ca, R123, and isobutane, with boiling points ranging from -12 °C to 48 °C. Regenerative ORC is analyzed and compared with the basic ORC in order to determine the configuration that presents the best thermal efficiency with minimum irreversibility. The evaluation for both configurations will be performed using a combined first and second law analysis by varying certain system operating parameters at various reference temperatures and pressures. Results from these analyses show that regenerative ORC produces higher efficiency compared with the basic ORC while also reducing the amount of waste heat required to produce the same power with a lower irreversibility.}, keywords = {Organic Rankine cycles, Organic fluids, Waste heat utilization}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-4P429GP-1/2/e37a97b96ee65802654bc485f7717d93} } @ARTICLE{Maizza2001, author = {Maizza, V. and Maizza, A.}, title = {Unconventional working fluids in organic Rankine-cycles for waste energy recovery systems}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, pages = {381--390}, number = {3}, month = feb, abstract = {This paper investigates the thermodynamic and physical properties of some unconventional fluids for use in organic Rankine-cycles supplied by waste energy sources. Energy requirement and recovery system performances are analyzed using realistic design operating conditions. Thermodynamic efficiencies and other useful results have been calculated by varying some recovery system operating parameters at various reference temperatures. With reference to proposed application, equations and graphs are presented which interrelate the recovery system operational parameters for some possible working fluids with computation results.}, keywords = {Energy recovery systems, Unconventional fluids, Power plants, Organic Rankine-cycles, Parametric analysis}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.05}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-41XV8BF-9/2/568c8e891bb21654c4b4f7011f7bc885} } @ARTICLE{Maizza1996, author = {Maizza, V. and Maizza, A.}, title = {Working fluids in non-steady flows for waste energy recovery systems}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {1996}, volume = {16}, pages = {579--590}, number = {7}, month = jul, abstract = {Working fluids used in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) recovery systems with small turbines create problems since the flows are supersonic and consequently special attention is necessary in this respect in the flow study. After a preliminary survey on the ambient compatibility and thermophysical capability of the novel or unconventional fluids, the non-steady flows of some gases and organic vapours are investigated in tests using equipment annexed to a supersonic wind tunnel operating on the [`]blowdown' principle. A calculation method is suggested and some equations developed to obtain the outflow parameters. The available wind tunnel reference data confirm the results. For more accurate calculations of non-steady outflow of some vapours, analytically derived values of compressibility factors are given, with which the complete phenomena can be simulated and the flow parameters calculated by the adjusted perfect gas flow equations.}, keywords = {Non-steady flows, energy recovery systems, unconventional fluids, power-plants}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-3WRJ1MN-4/2/ab10749439a1bbe0b85625aaaa3ae4c0} } @TECHREPORT{Markiewicz2004, author = {Markiewicz, Henryk en Klajn, Antoni}, title = {Power Quality Application Guide}, institution = {Wroclaw University of Technology}, year = {2004}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\50160_Power Quality Application Guide.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.cda.org.uk/pqp/pqag.htm} } @ARTICLE{Nag1998, author = {Nag, P. K. and Gupta, A. V. S. S. K. S.}, title = {Exergy analysis of the Kalina cycle}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, year = {1998}, volume = {18}, pages = {427--439}, number = {6}, month = jun, keywords = {Kalina cycle, NH3-H2O mixture, exergy, phase equilibrium, Gibbs free energy, fugacity}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.05}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1Y-3T0XMJP-6/2/3cce5ce9c33320838698de7ea445c77f} } @ARTICLE{Saleh2007, author = {Saleh, Bahaa and Koglbauer, Gerald and Wendland, Martin and Fischer, Johann}, title = {Working fluids for low-temperature organic Rankine cycles}, journal = {Energy}, year = {2007}, volume = {32}, pages = {1210--1221}, number = {7}, month = jul, abstract = {A thermodynamic screening of 31 pure component working fluids for organic Rankine cycles (ORC) is given using BACKONE equation of state. The fluids are alkanes, fluorinated alkanes, ethers and fluorinated ethers. The ORC cycles operate between 100 and 30 °C typical for geothermal power plants at pressures mostly limited to 20 bar, but in some cases supercritical pressures are also considered. Thermal efficiencies [eta]th are presented for cycles of different types. In case of subcritical pressure processes one has to distinguish (1) whether the shape of the saturated vapour line in the T,s-diagram is bell-shaped or overhanging, and (2) whether the vapour entering the turbine is saturated or superheated. Moreover, in case that the vapour leaving the turbine is superheated, an internal heat exchanger (IHE) may be used. The highest [eta]th-values are obtained for the high boiling substances with overhanging saturated vapour line in subcritical processes with an IHE, e.g., for n-butane [eta]th=0.130. On the other hand, a pinch analysis for the heat transfer from the heat carrier with maximum temperature of 120 °C to the working fluid shows that the largest amount of heat can be transferred to a supercritical fluid and the least to a high-boiling subcritical fluid.}, keywords = {Organic Rankine cycle, Working fluids, Low temperature heat, Geothermal power plant}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.04}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2S-4KWTF94-1/2/706b66f267146a92f48078befdd29e29} } @ARTICLE{Sendyka2001, author = {Sendyka, Bronislaw and Soczówka,Jacek}, title = {Recovery of Exhaust Gases Energy by Means of Turbocompound}, journal = {Politechnika Krakowska}, year = {2001}, volume = {1}, pages = {1--5}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Turbocompound\\Recovery of Exhaust Gases Energy by Means of Turbocompound.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.heat2power.net/competitors/turbocompoundbenchmark.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Smith2007, author = {I. K. Smith and N. Stosic and A. Kovacevic and R. Langson}, title = {Cost Effective Small Scale ORC Systems for Power Recovery from Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources}, institution = {City University, London, UK}, year = {2007}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\motoren\\COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS FOR POWER RECOVERY FROM.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.27}, url = {http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~ra601/grc2007.pdf} } @MANUAL{Synergrid2006, title = {Specifieke Technische Aansluitingsvoorschriften voor Gedecentraliseerde Productie-Installaties die in Parallel Werken Met het Distributienet}, author = {Synergrid}, year = {2006}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Synergrid-C10-11NL2006_06.pdf:PDF}, institution = {Synergrid}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.synergrid.be/Media/C10-11NL2006_06.pdf} } @MANUAL{Synergrid2006_107, title = {Algemene technische voorschriften voor de aansluiting van een gebruiker op het LS-distributienet}, author = {Synergrid}, year = {2006}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Algemene Technische Voorschriften voor De Aansluiting van een Gebruiker op het Ls-Distributienet_C1-107NL082006.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.synergrid.be/Media/C1-107NL082006.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Tamm2004, author = {Tamm, G. and Goswami, D. Y. and Lu, S. and Hasan, A. A.}, title = {Theoretical and experimental investigation of an ammonia-water power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle}, journal = {Solar Energy}, year = {2004}, volume = {76}, pages = {217--228}, number = {1-3}, abstract = {A combined thermal power and cooling cycle proposed by Goswami is under intensive investigation, both theoretically and experimentally. The proposed cycle combines the Rankine and absorption refrigeration cycles, using a binary ammonia-water mixture as the working fluid. This cycle can be used as a bottoming cycle using waste heat from a conventional power cycle or an independent cycle using low temperature sources such as geothermal and solar energy. Initial parametric studies of the cycle showed the potential for the cycle to be optimized for first or second law efficiency, as well as work or cooling output. For a solar heat source, optimization of the second law efficiency is most appropriate, since the spent heat source fluid is recycled through the solar collectors. The optimization results verified that the cycle could be optimized using the generalized reduced gradient method. Theoretical results were extended to include realistic irreversibilities in the cycle, in preparation for the experimental study. An experimental system was constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of the cycle and to compare the experimental results with the theoretical simulation. Results showed that the vapor generation and absorption condensation processes work experimentally. The potential for combined turbine work and refrigeration output was evidenced in operating the system. Analysis of losses showed where improvements could be made, in preparation for further testing over a broader range of operating parameters.}, booktitle = {Solar World Congress 2001}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.05}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V50-49JR0P0-6/2/2acc5a71458ec6d7d55ef648c71f2c76} } @CONFERENCE{Vuk2005, author = {Vuk, Carl T.}, title = {Turbo Compounding, a Technology Who’s Time Has Come}, booktitle = {John Deere Technical Center}, year = {2005}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Turbocompound\\Turbo Compounding (exhaust gas electricity production).pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2006/session6/2006_deer_vuk.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Zhang2006, author = {Zhang, X.R. and Yamaguchi, H. and Uneno, D. and Fujima, K. and Enomoto, M. and Sawada, N.}, title = {Analysis of a novel solar energy-powered Rankine cycle for combined power and heat generation using supercritical carbon dioxide}, journal = {Renewable Energy}, year = {2006}, volume = {31}, pages = {1839--1854}, number = {12}, month = oct, abstract = {Theoretical analysis of a solar energy-powered Rankine thermodynamic cycle utilizing an innovative new concept, which uses supercritical carbon dioxide as a working fluid, is presented. In this system, a truly [`]natural' working fluid, carbon dioxide, is utilized to generate firstly electricity power and secondly high-grade heat power and low-grade heat power. The uniqueness of the system is in the way in which both solar energy and carbon dioxide, available in abundant quantities in all parts of the world, are simultaneously used to build up a thermodynamic cycle and has the potential to reduce energy shortage and greatly reduce carbon dioxide emissions and global warming, offering environmental and personal safety simultaneously. The system consists of an evacuated solar collector system, a power-generating turbine, a high-grade heat recovery system, a low-grade heat recovery system and a feed pump. The performances of this CO2-based Rankine cycle were theoretically investigated and the effects of various design conditions, namely, solar radiation, solar collector area and CO2 flow rate, were studied. Numerical simulations show that the proposed system may have electricity power efficiency and heat power efficiency as high as 11.4% and 36.2%, respectively. It is also found that the cycle performances strongly depend on climate conditions. Also the electricity power and heat power outputs increase with the collector area and CO2 flow rate. The estimated COPpower and COPheat increase with the CO2 flow rate, but decrease with the collector area. The CO2-based cycle can be optimized to provide maximum power, maximum heat recovery or a combination of both. The results suggest the potential of this new concept for applications to electricity power and heat power generation.}, keywords = {Solar energy, Supercritical carbon dioxide, Rankine cycle, Power generation, Heat collection}, owner = {evelyn.defoer}, timestamp = {2008.09.05}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V4S-4HSXVV5-1/2/a1c44bf6512e6b81a34d52ca45e4c3bd} } @MANUAL{Goedkeuring, title = {Goedkeuring van TRDE door de Vlaamse Minister bevoegd voor het Energiebeleid}, year = {2007}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Goedkeuring van TRDE door de Vlaamse Minister bevoegd voor het Energiebeleid.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.vreg.be/vreg/documenten/technische%20reglementen/MB_TRDE_20070404.pdf} } @MANUAL{AREI, title = {Algemeen Reglement op de Elektrische Installaties A.R.E.I.}, year = {2004}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Algemeen Reglement op de Elektrische Installaties AREI-art269-m.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.aib-vincotte.com/testPDF/gr-arei-art269-m.pdf} } @MANUAL{Tech_voorschrift, title = {Technische voorschriften voor aansluiting op het HS distributienet}, year = {2004}, file = {:Z\:\\@projekten\\$TetraORC\\Literatuur\\Elektriciteit\\Synergrid-C10-11NL2006_06.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://www.synergrid.be/Media/C2-112NL03_2004.pdf} } @MANUAL{Decreet, title = {Decreet houdende de organisatie van de electriciteitsmarkt}, year = {2000}, owner = {Sergei.Gusev}, timestamp = {2008.08.20}, url = {http://212.123.19.141/ALLESNL/wet/detailframe.vwp?WETID=-1&SID=0} } @comment{jabref-meta: selector_author:} @comment{jabref-meta: selector_journal:} @comment{jabref-meta: selector_keywords:} @comment{jabref-meta: selector_publisher:}